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Eclipse E800 FAQs
CFI60 Optical System and Eclipse E800 Research Microscope



  1. What led to the development of this new optical system?
    Microscopes were just a tool for observation before, but now, they are the heart of an imaging system used for video microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, and advanced fluorescence techniques. The demands on optical performance have increased the need for improved image quality, extended magnification range, higher numerical apertures, longer working distances and higher UV transmission for fluorescence. Also, modularity and systems flexibility is often almost as important as optical performance.
  2. What is the advantage of an infinity optical system?
    Since the infinity system has a parallel optical path between objective lens and tube lens, the design for intermediate accessories is easier than with a finite system. Furthermore, it is easier to eliminate intermediate magnification factors on accessories like Epi fluorescence attachments.
  3. What are the disadvantages in competitors' infinity system designs?
    The parallel optical path distance is still limited. Due to optical and mechanical design limitations in competitors' infinity systems, only 2 intermediate accessories may be inserted between the objective and eyepiece tube. For example, in Zeiss Axio series the tube lens is incorporated in the arm of the microscope, so the parallel optical path is only effective for the fluorescent attachment. In other words, Zeiss intermediate accessories do not enjoy the full advantages of infinity optics.

    In addition, the following disadvantages of competitors' infinity systems could not be avoided:

    • They couldn't make the objective working distance longer.
    • Difficulty in development of low magnification objectives.
  4. Why are the CFI60 objectives longer and bigger?
    To give Nikon the ability to improve the capabilities of our objectives, we have adopted new standards for:

    Parfocal distance: 60mm
    Tube length: 200mm
    Objective thread: 25mm
    History of standards are as follows:
    Before 1976 1976 - 1996 Now
    Parfocal distance 33.6 45 60
    Objective thread 20.3 20.3 25
    Tube length 160 160 & 210 Infinity
    CF system CFI system
    Nikon overcame the limitations of conventional infinity optical systems and achieved:
    • Room for more intermediate accessories with a longer parallel optical path between the objective and tube lens.
    • Longer objective working distances.
    • Development of an extra low power objective for Macro.
  5. How do you achieve longer working distances with higher N.A.?
    Working distance is closely related to tube length and parfocal distance. By designing our system with a 200mm focal length tube lens and a 60mm objective parfocal distance, we could achieve long working distances with high N.A.'s in our CFI60 objectives. This was impossible for conventional infinity systems using 45mm parfocal objectives. Comparison of competitors' Plan Apo 60X oil NA 1.4 (W.D.in µm) Note: The older series finite objectives and the current series objectives are listed for all manufacturers.

    Nikon Olympus Zeiss Leica
    With Finite objectives 170 120 90 150
    With their Infinity objectives 210 100 90 60
    W.D.= working distances in microns

  6. What are advantages of long working distance?
    1. Micromanipulation becomes possible.
    2. Thick chambers can be used.
    3. You can focus through the specimen from the top to the bottom.
    4. Possibility of accidents (Breaking cover glass, damaging top lens, etc.) decrease.
    5. Exchanging specimens and applying immersion oil is easier.
  7. How did Nikon achieve the widest magnification range possible?
    In order to create macro objectives to extend our magnification range, Nikon adopted a wider objective thread to increase the diameter of the optical elements and a longer parfocal distance to allow enough space for the lens elements required.

    Nikon: 0.5X - 100X
    Olympus:1.25X - 100X
    Zeiss:1.25X - 100X
    Leica:1.6X - 100X

  8. What are applications for CFI Macroplan 0.5X objective?
    Please refer to "Macro."
  9. Why would my customer need a low magnification objective with high Numerical Aperture?
    Advanced applications such as confocal microscopy, voltage sensitive dyes, electrophysiology, advanced fluorescence microscopy, require high Numerical Aperture objectives for low magnifications.
    Ex. Plan Apo 10X
    Nikon Olympus Zeiss Leica
    N.A. 0.45 0.4 0.45 Not available
    W.D. 4mm 3.1mm 1.9mm Not available
  10. How did Nikon achieve a longer parallel optical path?
    In order to make the distance between the objective and tube lens longer, a longer focal length tube lens was chosen for the E800 design. By adoption of 200mm tube lens, the parallel optical path was extended to make room for more accessories.

    In the E800, the fluorescence attachment and macro slider can be inserted into the microscope arm and additional intermediate accessories can be inserted between arm and eyepiece tube. To summarize, the E800 allows 3 intermediate accessories to be used together. In the other infinity systems, only 2 modules like the fluorescence attachment plus another intermediate module can be used at most.

  11. What is CF correction for chromatic aberration?
    Nikon introduced the renowned CF system in 1976. The CF system was a breakthrough technology which became possible by using Nikon's advanced lens design technology and special optical material produced by Nikon's own glass factory. The CFI60 system corrects both axial and lateral chromatic aberrations independently in objectives, tube lens, and eyepiece. In Zeiss and Leica, chromatic aberration of objective lenses are compensated in the tube lens and eyepieces. Olympus uses a system design similar to independent correction.

    In the CFI60 system, intermediate accessories are not affected by chromatic aberrations. But in other infinity systems, chromatic aberration may occur in intermediate accessories. CF objectives also have an advantage for OEM and special applications where independent correction of the objective is a great advantage.

  12. What kind of objectives are available in the new series?
    Classification by price
    Current New Price
    High Plan Apochromat Plan Apochromat Same
    Plan Fluor
    Plan Fluor Reduced
    Plan Achromat
    E Plan Achromat Plan Achromat Same as E Plan
    Achromat Achromat flatfield Same as Achromat
    Low E Achromat Achromat (Finite) Same as E Achromat
    Classification by chromatic aberration correction
    Grade Nikon Olympus Zeiss Leica
    High Plan Apochromat Plan Apo Plan Apo Plan Apo
    Plan Apo Plan Fluor U Plan FL Semi Apo Plan Neofluor Plan Fluotar (U Plan FL)
    Plan Achromat Plan Achromat AchroPlan N Plan
    Low Achromat Achromat Achrostigmant C Plan
  13. Olympus is offering objectives called Semi-Apo. Does Nikon have these?
    No, we don't have to. Olympus U Plan FL Semi-Apo is equivalent to Nikon Plan Fluor and Zeiss Plan Neofluor. Nikon and Zeiss reserved the name Apochromat for the absolute top of the line performance.
    N.A. comparison of 40X
    Nikon Olympus Zeiss
    Plan Apo 0.95 Plan Apo 0.95 Not available
    Plan Fluor 0.75 Semi-Apo 0.75 Plan Neofluor 0.75
  14. What is the advantage of Plan Fluor objectives over Olympus Semi-Apo?
    The Plan Fluor series features longer working distances and higher UV transmissions. Special glasses for high UV transmission, developed and manufactured by Nikon, are used for Plan Fluor series to provide higher UV transmission for brighter images and higher contrast.

    Applications for each objectives:

    UV fluorescence B, G fluorescence DIC
    Plan Apo Ø 0 0
    Plan Fluor 0 0 0
    Plan Achro Ø 0 Ø
    Achro Ø 0 Ø
    O = Recommended
    Ø = Not recommended for Fura but fine for Hoechst and Dapi stained specimen

  15. What are Universal objectives?
    Plan Fluor DLL series can be used for phase contrast, bright field, DIC, and fluorescence. Use of a special DLL (low contrast) phase ring allows all techniques to be done without sacrificing image quality.
  16. What are the other features or advantages of the CFI60?
    • Improved Correction ring for cover glass thickness. Nikon has made a technological breakthrough in the design of correction ring objectives, so now only the most minimal refocusing is required.
    • All objective information is printed on the lens. Objective type, working distance, DIC prism or phase annulus and magnification (marked in 4 locations).
    • Lock-up device for oil immersion objectives on *Plan Apochromat oil and Plan Fluor oil immersion objectives. The lock-up device keeps the oil lens retracted so it does not deposit oil on on the slide as the nosepiece is rotated.

    * Except for iris diaphragm type
  17. Can we use the current CF objectives on E800?
    Due to the differences between finite and infinity optical systems, no interchangeability is possible between the current CF system and new CFI60 system (same as competitors). But, a CF (old type) to CFI (new infinity type) objective adapter is planed for Apo objectives 2x-100x and some condensers of CF system can be used with E800. For details, please refer to the attached interchangeability list.
  18. What is the positioning of E800?
    The E800 is unlike any of our old Nikon models, but for purposes of comparison it covers the range from Optiphot-2 to Microphot FXA.

    E800 standard
    The E800 base price starts only slightly higher than the OPTIPHOT-2, but its capabilities, size, accessories and vibration-free stability put it in another class altogether. It can be easily upgraded to a MICROPHOT-SA or MICROPHOT-FXA class instrument and still be lower in price with superior specifications.

    E800 + beamsplitter
    In addition to a 30% lower price than MICROPHOT-SA, the E800 offers many advantages in specifications:

    • Better performance in fluorescence with 5 filter cubes
    • Better ergonomics
    • Teaching head and drawing tube accessories available
    • Beamsplitter module that will permit the distribution of images by wavelength to the main and subport.

    E800 + photohead
    The E800 is 40% lower than MICROPHOT-FXA and it offers better optical performance, better ergonomics, and more system flexibility.

  19. My customer needs a microscope with greater stability for imaging over time.
    The E800 features 5 times better rigidity than our current models. Its wider base and stabilizer design make it an ideal platform for imaging applications.
  20. E800 design looks very simple.
    When one thinks of ergonomics, a design with gentle curved lines comes to mind. But, the functional straight-line style of the E800 with all the controls up front and complete accessibility at proper table height, makes the E800 truly ergonomic. For example, since the E800 doesn't have any unnecessary wings on the pillar, you can easily access to the backside of microscope for microscope lamp exchange, centering illumination or other adjustments. Thanks to stabilizers on both sides, the main body is resistant to vibration from all directions.
  21. Why is the transformer not built into the main body?
    By using an external transformer, the heat emitted from the transformer cannot affect the microscope main body and create thermal expansion. This design maintains stability of focus over time. Furthermore, if the transformer should ever need repair, you don't need to send back the whole microscope.
  22. What is the benefit of anti-dust construction?
    We have created anti-dust construction in the dia illumination unit to eliminate dust contamination of the in-base optics.
  23. User has had problems on previous microscopes with mold growing in the optical system.
    Anti-mold processing can be done on main optical components on special order basis. Contact Nikon Instrument Repair department (E-mail Guest@nikonincmail.com). The anti-mold chemical agents should be replaced every three years.
  24. What are advantages of the E800's unique focusing system?
    The focusing knobs on conventional microscopes are located further away than the stage travel controls, so operators have to assume an unnatural twisted posture and will become fatigued more rapidly.

    On the E800, the focusing knobs are located symmetrically aligned with the stage handle so you don't twist your body and can operate the E800 microscope comfortably without fatigue. This unique focusing system is a Nikon innovation and is patented.

  25. Where is the coarse focusing knob on the right side?
    The coarse focusing knob on the right side is eliminated, but the fine focusing is there and has a has a finger depression for rapid rotation. Furthermore, the right fine focusing knob is located next to the stage handle so you can operate the focusing knob without releasing the stage handle.
  26. User requires stage handle at left side.
    If you need the stage handle at left side, it is available on special order.
  27. What is the benefit of locating all the E800 controls at the front?
    All controls are comfortably located below the stage at the front of the microscope, close to stage handle and focusing knob. When you compare this to the Olympus microscopes, which locate the power switch and light intensity control at the back on right wing you will appreciate the difference. For example, when you need to adjust light intensity, or switch on the Olympus to change to fluorescence illumination, you have to reach all the way to the back. You also have to avoid the stage handle which projects out on the right side.
  28. What is the benefit of the E800 stage design and low height stage?
    You can exchange specimens without lifting your elbows from the desktop; the cross travel controls are located low enough so you can leave your hand comfortably on the desk and the stability of microscopes is enhanced by low position of the stage. The stage movement controls also feature a tension adjustment so each user can adjust them to his preference.
  29. What are the stage travel dimensions of competitors' microscopes?
    A long stage travel is required so you can observe the slide glass from edge to edge.
    Nikon Olympus Zeiss Leica
    54 x 78 52 x 76 50 x 75 52 x 76 (mm)
  30. What are the benefits of the E800 stage?
    The E800 stage can be rotated 215 degrees with 2 glass slide specimens on stage. It is most convenient for photomicrographic composition and framing. Should you wish to compare two slides of the same tissue specimen with different staining methods, these slides can both be placed onto the stage and observed. The rotation is by a ball bearing system. The ball bearings provide smooth rotation and prevent image shift in eyepieces during rotation. Centering of the stage is easy.
  31. How about the durability of the stage surface?
    Durability is increased 30% compared to our current models thanks to a new hard finish process.
  32. Why is a 20 degree inclination angle for the eyepiece tube important?
    From an extensive study of human engineering, a 20 degree inclination angle was found to be the is most fatigue-free and comfortable viewing angle. People who do not assume a proper posture when using the microscope suffer from neck and back strain over extended periods of time. The E800 improves comfort and productivity. Interpupilary distance adjustment range is larger than all competitors.
    Nikon Olympus Zeiss Leica
    Inclination angle 20 24 30 30
    Interpupilary distance 51-80mm 50-76mm 55-77mm 55-77mm
  33. The old UW eyepiece lens pinched my nose.
    The field of view for new Ultrawidefield eyepieces is 25mm. A high eyepoint has been introduced so persons who wear eyeglasses have sufficient clearance. The external diameter of the eyepiece is the smallest in the industry, allowing people with small interpupilary distances or large noses to use the E800 in comfort.
    Nikon Olympus Zeiss Leica
    External diameter (mm) 32 46 35 40
    Field of view (mm) 25 26.5 25 25
  34. Why is the field of view not 26.5mm on the new Ultrawidefield eyepieces?
    Customers have said that a 26.5mm field of view is too large and they can hardly look at the edge of a 26.5mm view field. 25mm is more comfortable for standard observation.
  35. Is the eye level at a comfortable height?
    In the E800, use of an intermediate accessory doesn't change the eye level. You can always keep a comfortable and constant eye level with intermediate accessories. With the Olympus and Zeiss microscopes, eye level is raised when using intermediate accessories such as a magnification changer or a beamsplitter.
  36. Why does the space between the nosepiece and stage look so large?
    Nikon's introduction of a 60mm parfocal distance has increased the distance between the nosepiece and the stage surface 15mm. This increase has made access to the specimen area and adjustment of correction collar objectives much easier. With the Olympus AX70 and Zeiss Axioplan-2, space around nosepiece area is limited and congested, making it difficult to access the nosepiece and objective lenses.

    Exclusive Macro observation and photography

  37. What are the applications for the CFI Macroplan 0.5X objective lens?
    The applications are: Screening of large areas, observation and photomicrography of large specimens (i.e., brain cross-sections) and clinical pathology. Formerly, in order to get high resolution pictures covering a large area, several pictures had to be taken and combined to make a photo montage. The Macroplan 0.5X objective lens can cover a large area in a single picture, quickly and easily, with Nikon's new automated photo systems.
  38. What is the advantage of 0.5X compared to using a Stereo microscope or Multiphot for macrophotography?
    The E800M enables you to take low magnification pictures easily without a stereoscopic microscope or Multiphot macrophotography system. With a stereoscopic microscope the optical axis is oblique to the specimen surface so sharpness of focus will tend to be lost toward one side of the field. The Multiphot macrophotographic system requires a skilled operator to acquire publication-grade photographs. With the E800M and a new U-III or H-III automatic photographic system, pictures can be easily taken by anyone. Since the Macroplan 0.5X has the same parfocal distance of 60mm as other objectives, it can be used on the same nosepiece allowing rapid change between macro and micro photography. Nikon has also created a unique Macro/Micro (MM) condenser for this system to provide even illumination from the 0.5X to the 100X objective without changing condensers.

    Total magnification by E800M specifications of 0.5X
    For observation 5X (0.5 x 10)
    For 35mm photomicrography 1X (0.5 x 2)

    Nikon Olympus Zeiss Leica
    Largest actual field of view 50mm 21.2mm 20mm 15.625mm
    Document field for 35mm film 35mm 11.2mm 2.8mm 2.7mm

  39. What is the difference between the E800M and E800 stands and what other special components are required for the Macro 0.5X objective?
    E800M main body: the following parts are added and or preadjusted at factory.
    Aperture diaphragm is incorporated in base. 0.5X objective and macro slider (in arm slot) are aligned.
    Macro stage for use with the Macroplan 0.5X objective
    For illumination of large area, a larger stage cut is required. A special specimen holder is supplied.
    MM condenser (micro/macro condenser)
    Use only for bright observation. 25mm field of view is covered for 0.5 - 100X.
    Epi-fluorescence attachment

  40. What is the maximum number of filter blocks that can be loaded?
    Up to 5 blocks can be accepted. For example, in a FISH application, the following combinations could be selected.
    1. UV2EC, 2. B2EC, 3. G2EC, 4. TRIPLE BAND, 5. BRIGHT FIELD

    or

    1. UV2EC, 2. B2EC, 3. G2EC, 4. Y2EC, 5. TRIPLE BAND

  41. What is the advantage of a linear slider system?
    By utilizing a geared slider lever, a slight movement of lever can rapidly bring any of the 5 filter blocks into position. Competitive fluorescence microscopes use a turret design which limits the number of filters that can be mounted. The slider can also be modified to accommodate a larger number of filters by making a longer slider.
  42. Benefit of the E800's fluorescence filter block designation labels?
    Large, easy-to-read identification tags are provided to mark filter positions. The label displays the filter name, excitation, dichroic mirror and barrier filter specifications.

    Since competitors' labels (on turret type) are smaller, they are difficult to read compared to Nikon's.

  43. What are the benefits of the new CF Epi-fluorescence collector lens?
    Previous Epi-fl collector lenses were not well-corrected for chromatic aberration, so the focus plane changed depending on the wavelength of the excitation filter used. The E800 has introduced the first CF collector lens where chromatic aberration has been appreciably reduced (aberration reduced to 1/4 of our previous Epi-fl collector). This unique CF collector lens provides even illumination from the UV through red wavelengths, making it ideal for multiple staining techniques such as FISH.
  44. Is it possible to insert Epi-Fluorescence excitation filters into ND filter slider?
    ND sliders have the same diameter as 25mm excitation filters and can be easily inserted.
  45. What is the purpose of the optional Aperture diaphragm?
    By adjusting the Aperture diaphragm to each objective lens, a bright image with less flare can be obtained. Stopping down the aperture diaphragm reduces stray lights but darkens the specimen image. Opening the diaphragm maximizes the brightness but increases stray lights. We recommend brightness be adjusted just by ND filters.
  46. Can we use the current fluorescence filter blocks?
    Yes. The current 25mm filter blocks will be used in the E800.
    Normarski DIC System

  47. Is it necessary to use special objectives for DIC?
    The CFI60 system doesn't need special objective lenses for DIC.
  48. What are the advantages of using a Senarmont compensation method to control DIC contrast?
    (1) Ergonomics - easy adjustment for DIC image contrast
    DIC contrast can be adjusted by rotating a polarizer on the field lens. Since the polarizer is located close to the stage handle and focusing knobs, rotation of polarizer can be done easily. The scale on the polarizer enables you to easily control fine adjustment of contrast without holding your hand uncomfortably in mid air.
    (2) DIC sliders for objectives are placed at the optimal position.
    Slots in the DIC nosepiece mount matching DIC prism sliders in the optimal position at the back focal plane for each objective lens. As you rotate the nosepiece, the DIC slider moves together with objective lens. Nikon has designed the CFI60 objectives so that objectives of the same magnification will have approximately the same focal length and one DIC prism will be optimized to cover the group. Since fewer DIC condenser prisms will be necessary, DIC will be more cost-efficient for the user.
    (3) DIC condenser prism modules
    The higher the NA of the objective, the smaller the shear angle necessary. The smaller the NA of the objective, the larger the shear angle required. In order to keep optimal shear for each objective, three different DIC prisms have been created.

    The Olympus DIC system

    In the Olympus DIC system, adjustment of contrast is done by moving a large prism above nosepiece. Since a little movement of prism brings a large change of contrast, fine adjustment is rather difficult.

    Since one large prism is used for all the objectives, the position of the prism has to be adjusted for each objective in order to keep the same contrast. It is difficult to keep the optimal position for all the objectives.

    Each time you change the magnification of the objective, you have to rotate the condenser turret to the corresponding DIC prism. With the Nikon, you don't need to change because each objective has its prism mounted in the nosepiece. For a DIC set of 10X, 20X, 40X, 60X oil, 100X, Nikon needs only 3 condenser prisms, while Olympus needs 5 prisms.

    The Olympus condenser turret has only 6 positions (5 positions in BX), so it lacks sufficient positions to do the entire range of phase contrast and DIC and have a brightfield position left over. The E800 offers a 7 position turret (3 DIC, 3 Phase and brightfield).

  49. Can I use the current Phase Contrast Turret Condenser with CFI60 objectives?
    No. The new phase rings are different from the previous system so there is no interchangeability. In the CFI60 system, only 3 phase rings cover the whole NA range, reducing the number of times the condenser will need to be rotated.

    Current and new phase rings:
    Current
    New
    Ph-L for 4X * Ph-L for 4X (* Under development for inverted type)
    Ph-1 mainly for NA 0.25 Ph-1 for NA 0.25 - 0.5
    Ph-2 mainly for NA 0.4 Ph-2 for NA 0.55 - below 0.9
    Ph-3 mainly for NA 0.65
    Ph-4 mainly for NA 1.25 Ph-3 for NA 0.9 - 1.4

    A dedicated Phase Turret Condenser for phase contrast will be introduced. Universal condenser will be recommended until then.

  50. What are the applications for Plan Apochromat DM series?
    Plan Apochromat DM objectives feature excellent resolution, high NA and contrast. They are ideal for applications where observation of minute structure is essential. The DM (dark/medium) contrast ring has been provides supurb high-contrast phase observation on thin specimens with nominal phase gradients.
  51. Can we use Phase objectives for DIC or brightfield?
    Emphasizing universality, a new Phase DLL ring design has been adopted. Excellent image quality can be maintained in brightfield, DIC, and fluorescence observation. Since a single objective can cover all techniques, it is excellent for users who use a variety of different observation methods.
    Other contrast techniques

  52. What components are necessary for darkfield?
    Current darkfield condenser (dry type and oil type) can be used. A Plan fluor 100X oil iris objective is available. An optional Booster lens is available to increase the intensity of illumination. The Booster lens may also be used for high-magnification brightfield, phase and DIC applications.
  53. Applications for darkfield observation?
    Hematology and Microbiology.
  54. What accessories are necessary to perform simple polarizing?
    Simple polarizing is possible by using DIC polarizer and DIC analyzer. A full 25mm field of view is maintained throughout the magnification range.
  55. Applications of simple polarizing?
    Diagnosis for gout, and amyloid. Observations of crystals in tissue.
    Photomicrography

  56. What is the function of the Autophoto position?
    Color temperature must be set correctly for accurate color rendition in photomicrography. In the E800, color temperature can be correctly set for daylight film by using the NCB11 filter and setting the light intensity at the 9 volt position or by turning the intensity dial to the "preset" Autophoto position. You can adjust the preset voltage of the Autophoto for different types of films by using a small screwdriver (8 ­ 10V in 0.1V step). The Autophoto adjustment function is patented.
  57. Is it necessary to focus through the ocular finder of U­III or H­III photographic attachment?
    Focusing for photomicrography is possible through eyepieces of the V­TF and V­TE tubes. Framing can be done through the binocular using a photo mask eyepiece. For very dark specimens such as FISH, or for accurate metering of a small spot in the 0.1% spot measurement mode, focusing through ocular finder is recommended for precise targeting. The U­III features 100% light distribution to the ocular finder (auto bright finder feature), so the image is extremely bright, making it easy to critically focus even with a very faint fluorescence specimen.
  58. Can we use current Projection lenses?
    No. New PLI series projection lenses (2X, 2.5X, 4X, 5X) have been developed for the CFI60. All the PLI lenses can be used for both 35mm and large format. 2.5X, 4X, 5X (except for 2X) have reticle holders for 20mm reticules. The reticle pattern can be photographed onto the film.
    CCTV System

  59. Can we use Interchangeability with current CCTV relay lenses?
    The current CCTV lenses are interchangeable with E800. The ISO CCTV adapter will mount any "C" camera without a relay lens (same as current system).
  60. How do you get a wider field of view on the TV monitor when using 1/3- and 2/3-inch CCD cameras?
    By using the 0.45X or 0.6X relay lens, the view field on the TV monitor can be widened.
  61. What is the purpose of VM2.5X and VM4X relay lens?
    In order to observe very small particles or structures, ultra-high magnification is necessary. For this purpose, relay lens intermediate magnifiers were created to assist researchers doing high resolution video enhanced DIC. By combining the 2.5X and 4X, 10X magnification can be obtained. So, total magnification can be raised as high as 30,000X (relay lens 10X, objective 100X, TV monitor magnification 30X).



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